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SPECIAL HISTOEY OF NEW JOEK.* 

First Explorers. — It is thought that the first European 
to behold the shores of the Empire State was the Floren- 
tine Verrazzani in 1524 (p. 36), and that the " most beau- 
tiful lake " which he visited in his small boat, and described 
in his letter to King Francis I. of France, was the Bay of 
New York. 

Eighty-five years elapsed without further exploration in 
this part of the New World. Then (in 1609) Samuel de 
Champlain, fresh from the founding of Quebec, with two of 
his countrymen and a party of friendly Canada Indians, 
ascended the Sorel' River, discovered the picturesque lake 
that perpetuates his name, and on its shore (probably where 
Fort Ticonderoga was afterward reared), with the strange 
thunder of his fire-arms, helped his red allies to defeat the 
hostile Iroquois. 

Indian Occnpants. — The Iroquois at this time occupied 
much of the present state of New York, extending from 
Lakes Ontario and Erie to the Hudson. They were known 
by the tribal names of Sen'ecas, Cayu'gas, Onondagas {on- 
on-daw'gdz)^ Oneidas {o-ni'ddz), and Mohawks. United in 
a confederacy for mutual defence as early as 1550, they had 
made themselves objects of terror to the neighboring na- 
tions, subjugating some and exterminating others. South- 
east of the Five Nations lived Algonquins — the Lenni-Le- 
nape {leti'ne le-nah'pa), one division of whom, inhabiting the 
valley of the Delaware River, were called Dela wares. The 

* Copyright, by G. P. Quackenbos, 1878. 






332 



HISTOET OF NEW YOEK. 



peaceful Mohegans roamed the forests east of the Hudson 
and on Long Island ; while their kinsmen, the fierce Man- 
hattans, kindled their council-fires on the present site of 
the American metropolis. 

New Netheeland. 

Early Dutch Explorers. — The same year that made Lake 

Champlain known to the settlers of New France (1609) is 

memorable for the more important discovery of the Hudson 

River (p. 52). A new field for trade was thus opened, of 

^^^_^^ _ which the enterpris- 

^=^'^^ ^E— ing navigators of the 

Netherlands hast- 
ened to avail them- 
selves. The names 
most distinguished 
in connection with 
their early voyages 
are Christiaensen, 
Block, and Mey. 

Christiaensen 
founded New Am- 
sterdam, the present 
city of New York — 
erecting four small cabins near the southern point of Man- 
hattan Island (1613). Block was the first ship - builder. 
With a yacht which he constructed in 1614 to replace a 
larger vessel destroyed by fire, he sailed through Long Isl- 
and Sound, ascended the Connecticut to the rapids in that 
river, kept on past Roode (red — afterward corrupted into 
Mhode) Island, and explored the New England coast, almost 
to Cape Ann, six years before the appearance of the Pil- 
grims : Block Island still preserves his name. Mey coasted 
the ocean-side of Long Island, turned southward, gave his 
name to the lower extremity of New Jersey, and spread the 




The IIalf-Moon ln the Hudson Eivee. 



NEW YOEK UNDER THE DUTCH. 333 

Dutch flag in Delaware Bay. Bringing over thirty families, 
principally Walloons (p. 53), in 1623, Mey became the first 
director-general, or governor, of New Netherland. In 1625, 
Mey gave place to Verhulst as governor ; and he, the fol- 
lowing year, was succeeded by Minuit. 

The Patroon System dates back to Minuit's time (p. 54). 
Under this arrangement, Michael Pauw obtained title to 
Staten Island and a tract on the Jersey shore opposite 
Manhattan ; in the words Communi/>at() and I^avouia his 
name may still be traced. Van Rensselaer also received 
an extensive grant, on both sides of the Hudson, in what 
now constitutes Albany and Rensselaer Counties. Some of 
these lands are still occupied by descendants of the original 
tenants. 

The patroons sent over many families. The Datch West 
India Company, also, encouraged immigration directly, by 
transporting settlers across the ocean at the low rate of 
twelve and a half cents for each day of the voyage, pro- 
visions included. So New Amsterdam grew ; in 1631, it 
could boast of building one of the largest ships in the world. 
Shortly afterward, an ordinance that all passing vessels 
should discharge their cargoes at that port or pay an impost 
there, gave the town a monopoly of the whole New Nether- 
land trade. 

Wouter {wow'ter — Walter) Van Twiller administered the 
government, weakly and with an eye mainly to his own 
profit, from 1633 to 1638. With him came out the first 
schoolmaster and minister (dominie). He rescued Fort Nas- 
sau, near the Delaware, from a party of Virginians who had 
seized it, but could not prevent the men of Plymouth and 
Massachusetts Bay from settling about the trading -post 
which he had established near the Connecticut (p. 67). His 
corruption led to his recall, and in 1638 William Kieft be- 
came governor. 

Kieft (1638-1647), though hasty and cruel, displayed 



334 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

commendable energy in reforming abuses. Settlers, some 
of them men of considerable means, came over in greater 
numbers, and began to spread out upon Long Island. Be- 
sides settlements at Wallabout ( Wallootis^ -Bay) and Flat- 
lands (see Map, p. 67), Breukelen, destined to become the 
third city on the continent, was founded in 1639. 

All this time the title of the Dutch to New Netherland 
was disputed by England, and the whole of Long Island was 
claimed by Lord Stirling under a patent from the Council of 
Plymouth. Buying from Stirling's agents, several companies 
from New England fixed their abode in different parts of 
the island. Southampton and Southold, in the east, were 
founded by Puritans from Massachusetts, who placed them 
respectively under the jurisdiction of Connecticut and New 
Haven. Newtown and Gravesend were also settled by emi- 
grants from Massachusetts, but under charters from the 
Dutch. 

Kieft vainly protested against the intrusions of his Eng- 
lish neighbors. To stop their encroachments on the northern 
shore of the Sound, he bought the title of the Indians to that 
whole region ; notwithstanding, Connecticut men established 
themselves at Stratford and Fairfield, at Stamford, and even 
as far west as Greenwich (see Map, p. 67). 

In 1643, Kieft's wanton treachery provoked an Indian 
war which almost ruined the province. Its immediate cause 
was the cold-blooded massacre of some River Indians who 
had sought refuge from the terrible Mohawks on the west 
bank of the Hudson, opposite Manhattan. Eighty unsus- 
pecting natives, including women and children, were butch- 
ered by a party from New Amsterdam acting under Kieft's 
orders. Immediately a cry for vengeance rose from the Red 
Men far and near ; nor was their thirst for blood sated till 
Manhattan was almost depopulated, and many of the outly- 
ing settlements were broken up. 

Van Rensselaer's tenants escaped these evils. About 



NEW YORK UNDER THE DUTCH. 335 

Fort Orange had sprung up the thriving Beverswyk, now 
Albany. There, in 1645, Kieft made a treaty with the Mo- 
hawks, and upon this the other tribes buried the tomahawk 

The same year, under Dutch charters, Hempstead, Long 
Island, was founded by settlers from Connecticut, and Flush- 
ing by Baptist refugees from Massachusetts. Settlements 
were also made about this time at Yonkers and Catskill. 

Peter Stuyvesant, who succeeded Kieft on his recall in 
1647, was the last and best governor of New Netherland. 
He agreed with the authorities of Connecticut on a boundary- 
line between their respective provinces, — running, on Long 
Island from the westernmost part of Oyster Bay south to the 
ocean, and on the mainland from Greenwich Bay northerly 
twenty miles, and thence as should afterward be settled by 
the two governments, but nowhere to come within ten miles 
of the Hudson. 

Stuyvesant's most important achievement was the con- 
quest of New Sweden, already recorded (p. 77). During his 
absence on that expedition, two thousand Indians landed 
on Manhattan Island, and, after committing outrages there, 
crossed to Pavonia, and thence to Staten Island, killing and 
burning as they went. Stuyvesant promptly returned, and 
by his judicious measures restored peace. 

New Amsterdam at this time contained a population of 
about one thousand. It was first incorporated with "a 
burgher government" in 1652. 

Conquest by the English. — England had long coveted 
the thriving Dutch province. During a war with Holland 
in 1653, Cromwell made preparations for its reduction, but 
peace was proclaimed in time to prevent hostile operations. 
Soon after the Restoration, however, Charles II., quietly 
ignoring the claims of the Dutch West India Company, 
made over the whole region occupied by New Netherland to 
his brother, the Duke of York and Albany, who sent over a 
fleet to take possession. Stuyvesant, left unsupported by 



HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 



the people, could offer no resistance, and New Netherland 
passed into the hands of the English. The colony and its 
chief town were thenceforth known as New York. Eastern 
Long Island was soon after purchased and annexed, in utter 
disregard of the claims of Connecticut. 

The Colony of New York, 
english goveenoes. 

1720 William Burnet. 
1728 John Montgomery. 

1731 Rip Van Dam, acting. 

1732 William Cosby. 
1736 George Clarke, lieu.-gov. 
1743 George Clinton. 
1753 Sir Danvers Osborne. 
1753 James Delaneey, lieu.-gov. 
1755 Sir Charles Hardy. 
1757 James Delaneey, lieu.-gov. 

1760 Cadwallader Coldcn, acting. 

1761 Robert Monckton. 

1762 Cadwallader Colden, lieu.-gov. 
1765 Sir Henry Moore. 

1769 Cadwallader Colden, lieu.-gov. 

1770 Earl of Dunmorc 

1771 William Tryon. 
1773 Cadwallader Colden, lieu.-gov. 
1775 William Tryon. 



1664 Richard Nicolls. 
1668 Francis Lovelace. 

1673 July 30 to Oct. 31, 1674, Dutch 

rule restored. 

1674 Edmund Andros. 
1681 Anthony Brockholls. 
1683 Thomas Dongan. 

1688 Francis Nicholson, lieu.-gov. 

1689 Jacob Leisler, acting. 
1691 Henry Sloughter. 

1691 Richard Ingoldsby, acting. 

1692 Benjamin Fletcher. 
1698 Earl of Bellamont. 

1701 John Nanfan, lieu.-gov. 

1702 Lord Cornbury. 

1708 Lord Lovelace. 

1709 Richard Ingoldsby, lieu.-gov. 

1710 Robert Hunter. 

1719 Peter Schuyler, acting. 



Kidd's Piracy. — The chief events in the colonial history 
of New York, up to the commencement of the eighteenth 
century, have been narrated in the preceding text (p. 92). 
The year 1700 found the Earl of Bellamont, an upright and 
able Irish peer, administering the government. It was dur- 
ing his rule that Captain Kidd, who had sailed from Eng- 
land with an armed vessel and a special commission for the 
suppression of piracy, but who had turned pirate himself, 
appeared in the waters of New York. After burying his 
unrighteous gains in a secret spot, Kidd went to Boston, 



NEW YORK AN ENGLISH COLONY. 



337 




Dltch Cottage us New York, ln Eakly Colonial Times. 

and was there arrested by order of Bellamont, to whose 
jurisdiction Massachusetts had been added. He was taken 
to England, tried for piracy, and executed in 1701. 

Lord Cornbury and his successors till 1738 governed New 
Jersey as well as New York, the proprietors of the former 
province having surrendered their patent. Cornbury dis- 
tinguished himself by his rapacity, and by endeavoring to 
curtail the liberties of the people, both civil and religious. 

Hunter's Administration. — Under Governor Hunter, an 
able official, though in sympathy with the aristocratic partj'^, 
a number of Germans took refuge from persecution in New 
York, the British government being at the expense of their 
transportation. Some remained in the city, while others 
went up the Hudson and fixed their abode in what is now 
Columbia County ; hence the name of Germantown. 
15 



338 HISTORY OF NEW YOEK. 

During Queen Anne's War, with the sanction of the As- 
sembly, Hunter joined the authorities of Massachusetts in 
fittino" out an expedition for the conquest of Canada, which 
resulted in an expenditure of £10,000 and the issue of the 
first paper-money made in the colony; but the enterprise 
failed, through the incapacity of the British admiral who co- 
operated in the undertaking (1712). 

Zenger's Trial. — Governor Cosby was at once rapacious, 
quarrelsome, and tyrannical. During his regime^ the dis- 
sensions between the aristocratic and democratic factions, 
which had been rife ever since Leisler's execution (p. 93), 
culminated in a series of bitter attacks on the governor and 
his party by Zenger, who defended the rights of the people 
in the N'ew York Weekly Journal. Zenger was imprisoned, 
and amid great excitement tried for libel (1735). His ac- 
quittal, despite the strenuous efforts of the governor, his 
council, and the court, established the freedom of the press, 
and was a substantial triumph for the popular cause. 

Negro Plot. — Ever since the introduction of slavery by 
the Dutch West India Company, the trade in negroes had 
been found profitable ; in 1740, they constituted one-fifth 
of the population of the metropolis. Their rapid increase 
filled the inhabitants with alarm; and in the spring of 1741, 
several fires, occurring in quick succession and charged upon 
the negroes, together with vague rumors of a plot to burn 
the city and murder the whites, produced a panic. Many 
fled to the country with their valuables. A number of ne- 
groes were arrested and frightened into informing against 
each other. A reign of terror ensued, during which four 
victims were burned at the stake, eighteen hanged, and 
seventy-one transported. Several whites also were impli- 
cated, four of whom were executed. After all, it is doubtful 
whether any such plot existed ; the witnesses were of the 
lowest grade, and their evidence was unworthy of credence. 

French and Indian War. — New York was the scene of 



NEW YORK AN ENGLISH COLONY. 339 

many stirring events during the French and Indian War. 
Among these were, the battle near Lake George which won 
knighthood for General William Johnson (1755 — p. 116) — 
Shirley's fruitless march, which had Niagara and Frontenac 
in view, but terminated at Oswego — Montcalm's brilliant de- 
scent upon the last-named place, and subsequent capture 
of Fort William Henry — the struggle for Ticonderoga, in 
which Abercrombie failed in 1758 and Amherst triumphed 
the following year — Bradstreet's expedition through the wil- 
derness against Fort Frontenac (1758), on his return from 
which he built Fort Stanwix on the present site of Rome — 
and the reduction of Fort Niagara by Johnson, after the fall 
of General Prideaux. 

The conquest of Canada, one of the great results of this 
war, insured to the frontier of New York a security it had 
never before enjoyed, the incursions of the French and their 
Indian allies during the intercolonial wars having kept the 
exposed posts in constant alarm. There had been little 
encouragement to pioneers to penetrate the northern and 
western wilds. Beyond the frontier settlements at Sara- 
toga, Schenectady (founded by Van Corlear in 1661), and 
Sir William Johnson's castle among the Mohawks not far 
from where Amsterdam now stands, the country to the St. 
Lawrence and the Lakes was mostly a dense forest, peopled 
by Red Men alone, threaded only by Indian trails and an 
occasional military road. 

In 1758, Fort Schuyler was built on the present site of 
Utica. At this time, the population of the colony was nearly 
one hundred thousand ; of the metropolis, over ten thousand. 

Before the Eevolution. — The people of New York had 
loyally supported the mother-country during all her strug- 
gles with France in the New World. At the same time 
they were keenly jealous of infringements upon their rights ; 
and when, by taxes wrung from the colonies without their 
consent, England attempted to reimburse herself for the 



340 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

cost of the French and Indian War, New York was among 
the foremost to protest against the wrong. A procession of 
patriots carried the hateful Stamp Act through the streets, 
surmounted by a death's head, and the inscription, " The 
Folly of England and the Ruin of America." 

The Colonial Congress of 1765 met in New York City ; 
one member from New York prepared the declaration of 
rights adopted by that body, and another the memorial to 
Parliament. When the odious stamps arrived, such demon- 
strations were made by the "Sons of Liberty" that the 
stamp-agent prudently resigned, and Lieutenant-Governor 
Colden, after having his effigy and carriage burned on the 
Bowling Green by the excited populace, thought it best to 
deliver up the stamps to the city authorities. 

The repeal of the Stamp Act somewhat appeased the 
people ; but they showed the spirit that animated them by 
erecting a liberty-pole near where the present City Hall 
stands, and by several times replacing it at the risk of their 
lives when the riotous soldiers stationed in the city levelled 
it to the ground. 

In all the popular movements which preceded the Revo- 
lution, the whigs of New York kept abreast of the pa- 
triots of New England and Virginia. Alexander Hamil- 
ton, not yet eighteen, eloquently denounced the oppressive 
course of Parliament at a public meeting. John Jay, a dele- 
gate to the second Continental Congress, prepared the dec- 
laration of rights and privileges which it put forth ; and 
John Lamb, Isaac Sears, and Marinus Willett, stood forth 
as fearless leaders in the popular cause. News of the bold 
stand at Lexington was no sooner received than measures 
were taken for armed resistance, stores designed for the 
British troops were seized, and a provisional government 
was formed in the city. 

New York in the Revolution. — In the Revolution, New 
York played a prominent part. It was peculiarly important 



NEW YOEK IN THE REVOLUTION. 341 

to the contending parties as the connecting link between 
the eastern and southern colonies. The city of New York 
fell into the hands of the British, September 15, 1776, and 
remained in their possession till the close of the war. Out- 
side of the city, they were not in sufficient force to occupy 
the country permanently, though their men-of-war ascended 
the Hudson, and posts in the Highlands were held by them 
for a longer or shorter time. 

The occupation of Manhattan Island by the British of 
course obliged those who had been active in the. cause of 
liberty to abandon the city. The Provincial Congress still 
met, but secretly and with frequent changes of place to 
avoid treachery and capture. A Committee of Safety, pre- 
sided over by John Jay, was appointed by this body ; and 
in April, 1777, a state Constitution was formed by a con- 
vention of representatives from all the counties, assembled 
at Kingston. This instrument vested the legislative power 
in a Senate and Assembly chosen by the people, and the 
executive in a governor similarly elected every three years. 

George Clinton, who had led the whig party in the Colo- 
nial Assembly, was at once chosen governor under this Con- 
stitution ; and so acceptable was his administration that by 
successive reelections he continued to hold the office for 
eighteen years. Delegates to the Continental Congress 
were duly appointed, and John Jay was made chief -justice 
of the state. In 1778 the legislature met at Poughkeep- 
sie,* and gave its assent to the Articles of Confederation. 

Battle-fields and Generals. — Several noted battle-fields of 
the Revolution throw around the soil of New York a chain 
of historical associations. The ill-starred struggle on Long 
Island, the obstinate battle of White Plains, the disastrous 
capture of Fort Washington, the hard-pressed siege of Fort 

* This place had been settled by several Dutch families at the close of 
the seventeenth century. The name comes from a Mohegan word, meaning 
" safe and pleasant harbor." 



342 



HISTOEY OF NEW YORK. 




Washington's Headquaktees at JiEWBirBG. 



Schuyler and its happy termination, the desperate conflict 
at Oris'kany, the glorious engagements of Stillwater, the 
bloody massacre at Cherry Valley, Wayne's brilliant sur- 
prise of Stony Point, Sullivan's march with fire and sword 
through the valleys of the Chemung and Genesee, Arnold's 
traitorous plot, and Andre's sad fate, — all these rise to the 
memory in connection with the Revolutionary period in 
New York. 

Nor were the gallant sons of New York, nearly eighteen 
thousand of whom swelled the ranks of the Continental 
army, wanting in devotion to their country. Her militia 
on many well-fought fields showed their readiness to bleed 
and die in her service ; and of her distinguished officers we 
need only mention, Montgomery, falling before the iron hail 
at Quebec — Herkimer, mortally wounded yet bolstered on 
his saddle against a tree directing the fight at Oriskany — 
Schuyler, the real victor of Saratoga — McDougall, the vigi- 



NEW YOEK IN THE REVOLUTION. 



343 



lant defender of the Highlands — the Clintons, bravely con- 
tending with superior numbers at Forts Clinton and Mont- 
gomery — and Alexander Hamilton, the faithful confidant of 
the commander-in-chief. 

The condition of New York during the war was lam- 
entable in the extreme — its chief city occupied by the 
enemy, its territory open to invasion, its fields unculti- 
vated, its firesides deserted, its frontiers at the mercy of 
the savage. Another trouble was the large Tory element, 
for the royal cause did not lack partisans, especially at first, 
when it bade fair to ---=^_ 

prevail. Many loy- 
alists, at the out- 
set, flocked to the 
city. There, also, 
during the whole pe- 
riod of British occu- 
pancy, were multi- 
tudes of unfortunate 
American prisoners 
— the soldiers hud- 
dled together in an old sugar-house, in churches and jails ; 
the sailors confined in foul decaying hulks moored in the 
harbor. The poor captives, denied fresh air and wholesome 
food, and treated with barbarity that it makes the flesh creep 
to read of, died by thousands; their prisons and prison-ships 
became so many pest-houses, from which it seemed a mercy 
to escape even by a horrible death. A monument has been 
reared in Trinity churchyard to the memory of the patriots 
who died in prison during the Revolution. 

Most of the city churches were dismantled by the Brit- 
ish, for the purpose of turning them into stables, riding- 
schools, and prisons. Besides this, two extensive conflagra- 
tions (September 21, 1776, and August 3, 1778) laid a great 
part of the city in ashes. 




Bkitish Pkison-ship in Wallabottt Bat. 



3M 



HISTORY OF NEW YOKK. 



On the conclusion of the war in 1783, New York was the 
last point of the seaboard that the British left. The day 
of their departure, November 25th, is still celebrated in the 
city as " Evacuation Day." 

The State of New York. 
goyernors. 

{A. F., anti-federalist; F., federalist; H., republican; Z>., democrat ; TT., whig.) 

1777 George Clinton, A. F. 
1795 John Jay, F. 
1801 George Clinton, R. or D. 
1804 Morgan Lewis, R. orD. 
1807 Daniel D. Tompkins, R. or D. 
1817 March- July, John Tayler, lieu.- 

f/ov.^ acting^ R. or D. 
1817 July 1, De Witt Clinton, I). 
1823 Jan. 1, Joseph C. Yates, D. 
1825 De Witt Clinton, D. 

1828 Feb. 11, Nathaniel Pitcher, 

lieu.-gov.^ acting^ D. 

1829 Martin Van Burcn, D. 
1829 March 12, Enos T. Throop, 

lieu.-gov.^ acting^ D. 
1831 Enos T. Throop, D. 
1833 William L. Marcy, D. 
1839 William H. Seward, W. 

After the Revolution. — Exhausted as she was by the 
war, New York recovered from its depressing effects sooner 
than most of her sister states. The foreign commerce of 
the country, gradually reviving, naturally centred at her 
chief port. The right of levying duties on the imports re- 
ceived at this emporium, as well as the entire control of the 
mode of collection, the state of New York reserved to itself. 
Vain were the solicitations of Congress to be entrusted with 
authority over these matters, that a more certain revenue 
might be provided. There was a deep-seated reluctance to 
concentrate too much power in the general government. 



1843 William C. Bouck, D. 
1845 Silas Wright, D. 
1847 John Young, W. 
1849 Hamilton Fish, W. 
1851 Washington Hunt, W. 
1853 Horatio Seymour, D. 
1855 Myron H. Clark, IF. 
1857 John A. King, R. 
1859 Edwin D. Morgan, R. 
1863 Horatio Seymour, D. 
18G5 Reuben E. Fenton, R. 
1869 John T. Hoffman, D. 
1873 John A. Dix, R. 
1875 Samuel J. Tilden, D. 
1877 Lucius Robinson, D. 



AFTER THE KEVOLUTION. 345 

This was the feeling of Governor Clinton, Judge Robert 
Yates, and John Lansing, afterward chancellor, who became 
the champions of state rights in New York ; while Hamil- 
ton, Schuyler, Jay, and Chancellor Livingston, the leaders 
of the opposite party, argued for a closer union of the states, 
and for investing the federal government with power to en- 
force its authority in matters affecting the Union as a whole. 

New York sent three delegates to the convention that 
prepared the Constitution of the United States, but two of 
them withdrew on finding that it was proposed to supersede 
the Articles of Confederation with an entirely new instru- 
ment. Hamilton alone remained to represent his state, and 
afterward, amid the violence with w^hich the proposed Con- 
stitution was assailed by the anti-federalists, he was its able 
and unwearied defender. Indeed, it was mainly his eloquent 
advocacy that secured its ratification by the state of New 
York (Jul}' 26, 1788), in the convention assembled at Pough- 
keepsie to decide the question of its adoption or rejection. 

From 1785 the city of New York had been the national 
capital. There, April 30, 1789, with great rejoicings, the 
beloved Washington was inaugurated the first president (p. 
200), and there he discharged the duties of his office till 
1790, when the seat of government was removed to Phila- 
delphia. General Schuyler and Rufus King were in 1789 
elected by the legislature the first representatives of New 
York in the United States Senate. 

Cities founded. — During the Revolution, a portion of the 
Mohawks were induced by the British General Johnson, son 
of the Sir William noted in the French and Indian War, to 
leave their hunting-grounds and emigrate to Canada. On 
the restoration of peace, the state seized on the abandoned 
tract ; and by a treaty concluded with the other Iroquois 
nations, and by subsequent cessions, it finally came into pos- 
session of all the lands of the Indians except a few reser- 
vations. 



346 



HISTOEY OF NEW YORK. 




Steal of the State of New Yokk, 



Commissioners having been appointed to dispose of these 
and other wild lands, no less than five million acres were 
sold in 1791, at rates so low as to provoke loud complaints. 

The fertile regions of 
central New York, how- 
ever, were thus opened; 
they were soon dotted 
with farms and hamlets, 
and new counties were 
organized. 

Settlements were 
made at Binghamton in 
1787 — at Elmira, in 
1790 — and at Auburn, 
originally known as 
Hardenburgh's Corners, 
in 1793. Several years 
before, a group of pioneers had gathered round Old Fort 
Schuyler, where Utica now stands. Salina, the oldest part 
of the city of Syracuse, in which it was afterward incorpo- 
rated, was first settled in 1789 ; and the same year, the five 
stores and half dozen dwellings situated at Vanderhey den's 
Ferry adopted the name of Troy. Hudson had been founded 
as early as 1783. Watertown dates from 1800 ; Bufi'alo 
from 1801. Rochester was first permanently settled in 1810, 
and Cohoes in 1811. 

Oswego and Ogdensburg are considerably older than 
the places just named, a trading-post having been estab- 
lished on the site of the former about 1720, and the latter 
having been founded in 1749. 

The Vermont Claim. — The year 1791 was memorable for 
the peaceful settlement of the long-standing difficulty with 
the " Green Mountain Boys." Between 1760 and 1768 a 
number of emigrants had settled west of the Connecticut, 
under grants from Governor Wentworth of New Hampshire, 



EARLY EDUCATIONAL PROVISIONS. 347 

and the lands thus occupied were known as " the New 
Hampshire Grants." In 1763, the governor of New York 
issued a proclamation claiming the territory in question by 
virtue of the grant made by Charles II. to the Duke of York 
and on an appeal to the king his claim was sustained. The 
settlers, however, in spite of all attempts to eject them, 
maintained possession ; and in Governor Tryon's time the 
quarrel became so serious that a reward was offered for tlie 
capture of Ethan Allen and other Green Mountain leaders. 

During the Revolution, the Vermonters twice applied to 
the Continental Congress to be admitted to the confederacy, 
but without success, owing to the opposition of New York. 
Though discouraged, they remained faithful to the cause 
of liberty, striking trenchant blows in its behalf at Ticon- 
deroga. Crown Point, and Bennington. At length, finding 
she could not enforce her claims, New York agreed to sur- 
render them for 130,000 ; and Vermont was allowed to take 
her place in the Union as an independent state. 

Educational Provisions. — In 1787, the Board of "Re- 
gents of the University," created three years before, was 
reorganized, and invested with power to incorporate colleges 
and academies, besides other privileges. In 1795 was laid 
the foundation of the Common - School system, to which 
New York owes so much of her prosperity. Acting on a 
recommendation in Governor Clinton's message, the legis- 
lature appropriated $50,000 annually for five years. The 
interest on this sum was to be apportioned among the sev- 
eral counties according to their population, and half as 
much as the amount received having been raised in addition 
by taxation in each county, the whole was to be expended 
for the support of Common Schools. 

In 1801 a lottery was authorized, for increasing the 
school-fund; and four years later 500,000 acres of public 
land were set apart for the same purpose. In 1805, also, 
the Public School Society of the city of New York was 



348 HISTOEY OF NEW YORK. 

incorporated, with De Witt Clinton, son of General James 
Clinton and nephew of the governor, at its head. Already 
West Point had been selected by Congress as the site of 
a training-school for soldiers, and in 1812 liberal provision 
was made for the support of the military academy at that 
place. 

Jay. — In 1795, on Governor Clinton's declining to run 
for a seventh term, the federalists succeeded in electing John 
Jay governor. During Jay's administration, Albany was 
made the capital (1797). Party feeling at this time was 
exceedingly violent. The course of the federal government 
under the presidency of John Adams was by many vehe- 
mently denounced ; and in 1801 the opposition, now known 
as Republicans and shortly afterward as Democrats, again 
elected George Clinton governor. 

Burr. — The same year, Aaron Burr, a member of the New 
York City bar, who as General Schuyler's successor had 
served in the U. S. Senate from 1791 to 1797, became vice- 
president. Before the expiration of his term of office Burr 
ran for the governorship of New York, but was defeated ; 
and mortification at his evident loss of popularity, which he 
attributed mainly to the influence of Alexander Hamilton, 
led to the unfortunate duel that cost the latter his life. 
Burr avoided the storm of indignation that followed by 
withdrawing from the city, and in his place New York sup- 
plied the nation with another vice-president in the person 
of her tried and trusted George Clinton (1805). Clinton 
served in this office during Jefi'erson's second term and Madi- 
son's first, till his death in 1812. 

Morgan Lewis, who had been chief-justice of the state, 
succeeded Jay as governor in 1804. His seat on the bench 
was filled by James Kent, afterward chancellor of the state, 
whose " Commentaries on American Law " has become a 
legal classic. 

Daniel D. Tompkins was governor from 1807 till 1817, 



SECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 34:9 

when he became vice-president. The first year of his ad- 
ministration was memorable for the appearance of Fulton's 
steamboat on the Hudson. At that time the ferry-boats on 
the adjacent waters were propelled by oars. But row-boats 
gave way to horse-boats, and finally, in 1814, by way of 
experiment, a steamboat was placed on the Fulton Ferry 
between New York and Brooklyn. 

Governor Tompkins vigorously supported the federal 
government in the second war with Great Britain (p. 213). 
Throughout the early part of the struggle, New York, by 
reason of its position on the frontier, was an important the- 
atre of operations. American armies started from different 
points within its limits for the invasion of British soil ; while 
the enemy, throwing themselves across Lake Ontario, the 
St. Lawrence, and the Niagara, made descents on Oswe- 
go, Sackett's Harbor, Ogdensburg, Lewiston, Buffalo, and 
other places, and were prevented from overrunning the 
state only by the decisive defeat at Plattsburg (September 
11, 1814). 

An attack on the metropolis being at one time threat- 
ened, its inhabitants pledged themselves to defend it to the 
last extremity. Fortifications were at once commenced, on 
which citizens of every grade labored with their own hands, 
while others by daily drills prepared themselves for efficient 
service. The whole island was soon put in a state of de- 
fence. Fortunately, before any attack was made, the Treaty 
of Ghent ended the war. 

Abolition of Slavery. — The question of abolishing slavery 
in the state had been agitated toward the close of the pre- 
ceding century, and provision had been made for the gradual 
emancipation of those born in servitude after the year 1799. 
In 1817 the legislature went still further, enacting that on 
the 4th of July, 1827, all slaves should be free and the insti- 
tution cease to exist in the state. Shortly after, De Witt 
Clinton, who had served efficiently as mayor of New York, 



350 



HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 



and was now leader of a division of the republican party, 
succeeded to the office of governor. 

The Erie Canal— De Witt Clinton's name is inseparably 
linked to the great enterprise which more than anything 
else has helped to advance the commercial interests of the 
Empire State. As far back as 1792, the importance of in- 
ternal improvements had been recognized by the incorpora- 




:?.-^c ' j^^y;^^^. 



^^^ -^^'^^1?^^^ 



tion of companies for improving the navigation of the Mo- 
hawk, and opening communication by canals between that 
river and Lake Ontario, the Hudson, and Lake Champlain. 
Routes were surveyed ; Gouverneur Morris and others be- 
came interested in the project ; and, the original plan having 
been enlarged so as to make Lake Erie the western terminus, 
vigorous but unsuccessful efforts were made between 1800 
and 1815 to induce both the state and the federal government 
to embark in the undertaking. In the last-named year, De 
Witt Clinton, long an advocate of the enterprise, gave it a 
new impetus by an exhaustive argument in its favor ; and, 
though many still opposed and derided " Clinton's big 



THE EEIE CANAL. 351 

ditch," the legislature in 1817 authorized the commence- 
ment of the work. 

Ground was broken at Rome, and under the fosterino- 
care of Clinton and his fellow-commissioners the canal was 
completed in about eight years. The first boats started 
from Buffalo for New York, October 26, 1825, news of the 
fact being transmitted from one end of the line to the other 
in eighty minutes by the discharge of cannon stationed at 
intervals. The necessities of the increased trade on this 
great highway led to its subsequent enlargement ; it now 
has a surface breadth of seventy feet, and is navigable by 
boats of two hundred and forty tons' burden. The Cham- 
plain Canal, sixty-six miles long, was also begun in 1817, 
and was completed in 1822. 

Amendment of the Constitution. — Important changes 
were made in the state Constitution in 1821, by a conven- 
tion of delegates elected for the purpose, in conformity with 
a bill passed by the legislature. 

The amended Constitution provided that the governor 
and lieutenant-governor should hold office for two years. 
The governor was invested with a veto-power, and with the 
consent of the senate was to have the appointment of 
judges. The right of suffrage was extended to all white 
male citizens of the age of twenty-one, a property qualifica- 
tion of $250 being required in the case of colored citizens. 
Circuit courts and a court of chancery were established ; and 
the senate, supreme-court judges, and chancellor, were con- 
stituted a court for the correction of errors. Provision was 
also made for revising the Constitution ; amendments sub- 
mitted to the people by a two-third vote of the legislature 
and sanctioned by the popular vote, were to have full force 
as parts of that instrument. 

Anti-Masonry. — Except for two years (1823-5), during 
which he was superseded by Joseph C. Yates, De Witt Clin- 
ton continued at the head of the state government till his 



352 HISTORY OF NEW TOEK. 

death in 1828. The only important event of his adminis- 
tration that remains to be mentioned, is the abduction of 
William Morgan, of Batavia, which materially affected the 
politics of the day. 

Morgan, himself a Freemason, was about to publish a 
book in which he promised to reveal the secrets of that fra- 
ternity. On the eve of its publication, having been arrested 
for a trifling debt at the suit of a Mason and lodged in jail, 
he was taken thence at night by a party of men (September 
12, 1826), hurried off to Fort Niagara, and there mysteri- 
ously disappeared. 

Suspicion at once pointed to the Masons as the authors 
of the crime. Public meetings were held ; a committee of 
investigation was appointed ; and, though no positive evi- 
dence of the murder could be obtained, the conclusion was 
that Morgan had been drowned in Lake Ontario. Intense 
indignation was excited ; arrests were made, and several, 
found guilty of taking part in the abduction, were sentenced 
to imprisonment. Masonry was violently denounced, and a 
party was formed with the avowed purpose of excluding 
members of the order from positions of trust in the state. 
All other political issues were for the time lost sight of. 
The Anti-masons gained strength, and though their candi- 
date for governor was defeated by Martin Van Buren in 
1828, and again in 1830 by Enos T. Throop, they secured a 
controlling influence in several of the western counties. 

The excitement spread to other states. In 1831 a na- 
tional convention was called, and the eloquent William 
Wirt, of Maryland, who had been attorney-general of the 
United States, was nominated by the Anti-masons for the 
presidency, in opposition to Jackson, who was running for 
a second term, and Clay, the whig candidate. Wirt received 
the electoral vote of Vermont, which state the Anti-masons 
controlled for two years. They were also strong in Penn- 
sylvania, which in 1835 elected their candidate as governor. 



TAN BUREN. THEOOP. — MAECY. 



353 




But in time new issues arose, and the Anti-masons became 
merged in other parties. 

Governor Van Buren, after a short incumbency at the 
beginning of the year 1829, resigned his office (March 12th) 
for the position of secretary of state in President Jackson's 
cabinet. Two important measures that he had recommended, 
were adopted by the legislature; viz., the establishment of 
a safety-fund banking system, and a change in the mode of 
choosing presidential electors. Originally they had been 
chosen by the legislature, afterward by the people voting 
by districts ; it was now enacted that they should be elected 
by general ticket. — The year 1830 was signalized by the 
construction of the first railroad in the state, the Mohawk 
and Hudson, connecting Albany and Schenectady. 

Throop. who as lieutenant-governor filled Van Buren's 
place after his resignation, was elected his successor by the 
democrats. On his recommendation, imprisonment for debt 
was abolished, except in cases of fraud. 

William L. Marcy, a prominent democrat who had rep- 
resented New York in the U. S. Senate, became governor in 



354 HISTOEY OF NEW YOKK. 

1833, and retained the office for six years. During his ad- 
ministration, tlie legislature authorized the construction of 
the Chenango, Black River, and Genesee Valley Canals (97, 
47, and 125 miles long, respectively), and made provision 
for educating teachers for the Common Schools in certain 
academies, to the support of which the state contributed ; 
a loan of $3,000,000 was also voted, to aid in the construc- 
tion of the New York and Erie Railway. The Croton Aque- 
duct, designed to supply the city of New York with water 
from the Croton River, was begun in the summer of 1835 ; 
and on the 16th of December of that year occurred a great 
fire in the metropolis, which reduced about six hundred and 
fifty buildings to ashes and brought distress on many of the 
inhabitants. 

In 1837, the Canada frontier was the scene of exciting 
events. A rebellion against the provincial government hav- 
ing broken out, seven hundred New-Yorkers who sympa- 
thized with the insurgents hastened to their aid, and took 
possession of Navy Island in the Niagara River, maintain- 
ing communication with the American shore by the steam- 
boat Caroline. Toward the close of the year, a party of 
loyal Canadians crossed the Niagara, cut loose the Caroline, 
set her on fire, and let her drift over the falls with several 
of her crew on board. This violation of American soil, to- 
gether with the refusal of Governor Marcy to surrender one 
of the insurgent leaders who had taken refuge in the state, 
came near involving the country in war with Great Britain ; 
but, measures having been taken to preserve peace on the 
frontier, all difficulties were at last amicably settled. 

The whig party carried the state in 1838, electing Wil- 
liam H. Seward governor. Mr. Marcy was in 1845 invited 
by President Polk to a seat in his cabinet as head of the 
war department, in which capacity he ably managed affairs 
during the contest with Mexico; he afterward served as 
secretary of state under President Pierce. 



ANTI-EENT DIFFICULTIES. 355 

Anti-rent Troubles. — Under Governors Seward, William 
C. Bouck, and Silas Wright, the state enjoyed unprece- 
dented prosperity. The principal questions of public in- 
terest were those connected with internal improvements, 
and the extension of the Common-School system commensu- 
rately with the needs of the people. In certain counties, 
however, particularly Rensselaer, Delaware, Columbia, Al- 
bany, and Schoharie, the Anti-rent controversy became a 
disturbing element. 

Many of the tenants on manors inherited from the old 
patroons objected to paying the rent which their leases 
called for, and united in forcibly resisting all legal processes. 
High-handed outrages on person and property were com- 
mitted by Anti-renters disguised as Indians, and even life 
was taken. These acts of violence were finally carried to 
such a length that in 1845 Governor Wright was obliged to 
declare martial law in Delaware County, and call out the 
military for the restoration of order. A number of the 
ringleaders were arrested, tried, convicted, and sent to the 
state-prison. 

Meanwhile, however, the Anti-renters had organized a 
political party, and secured representation in the legisla- 
ture. In 1846 they helped to elect John Young governor, 
and at his hands more than fifty of their number, imprisoned 
for longer or shorter terms, received pardon. The excite- 
ment, and the party which it had called into being, gradually 
died out; and since then the Anti-renters have confined 
themselves to contesting the claims of their landlords in the 
courts of law. 

Constitutional Changes. — In 1846 the Constitution was 
revised by a convention of delegates elected for the purpose, 
and as thus amended was ratified by an overwhelming ma- 
jority of the people. Anti-rent influence secured the abo- 
lition of feudal tenures in this instrument, and the restriction 
of leases of agricultural land to periods not exceeding twelve 



356 



HISTORY OF NEW TOEK. 




years. The people were invested with the right of electing 
judges. The state was empowered to contract debt to the 
extent of $1,000,000, for the purpose of meeting casual de- 
ficiencies, repelling invasion, or suppressing insurrection. 
The contraction of any other debt was prohibited, unless 
authorized by a law for some single specified object, and un- 
less provision was at the same time made for an annual tax 
sufficient to pay the interest on such debt as it should ac- 
crue, and the principal also within eighteen years. Corpo- 
rations were to be formed under general laws. Special 
charters for banking purposes were forbidden. It was made 
the duty of the legislature to require ample security for the 
redemption in specie of all notes put in circulation as money, 
and the stockholders of an institution issuing such notes 
were made individually responsible for its liabilities to the 
amount of their respective shares of stock. The legislature 
was also required, in organizing cities and incorporating vil- 
lages, so to limit their powers of taxing, assessing, borrow- 
ing money, and contracting debts, as to prevent abuse in 
any of these particulars. 

During the Mexican War (p. 248), New York was ably 



THE CIVIL WAK. 357 

represented in the field by her gallant volunteers, by her 
Wool, her Worth, and other brave officers. When the Wil- 
mot proviso was introduced into Congress, prohibiting sla- 
very from such territory as might be acquired from Mexico, 
New York gave her voice in its favor ; and afterward, in 1849, 
resolutions were passed by the legislature against the exten- 
sion of slavery in territory then free. The Free-Soil party 
was at this time powerful in the state, Ex-president Van 
Buren having been its candidate for the presidency in 1848. 

A democratic majority made Horatio Seymour governor 
of New York during 1853 and the following year; and in 
1855 the Native American party elected their candidates to 
the offices of secretary of state, comptroller, and attorney- 
general. With these exceptions, the whigs and their suc- 
cessors, the republicans (who date from 1854), held control 
of the state from 1847 till 1863. It was during this period 
that Millard Fillmore, of Buffalo, elected vice-president of 
the United States on the whig ticket, was raised to the 
presidency by the death of General Taylor (July 9, 1850). 

The Civil War broke out in Governor Morgan's second 
term. New York stood firm in her adherence to the Union 
during that struggle, furnishing the federal army 455,568 
troops, or about 381,000 reduced to a three years' standard. 
Her discreet statesman. Ex-governor Seward, as the head 
of President Lincoln's cabinet, carried his country safely 
through dangers that at times threatened to overwhelm it. 
Nor was New York without distinguished representatives 
in the field ; she could j^oint, among others, to Kearney, 
Sickles, and Slocum — to General John A. Dix, already con- 
spicuous for faithful service in the U. S. Senate — and to 
General James S. Wadsworth, who, after winning honor at 
Fredericksburg and Gettysburg, fell in the battle of the 
Wilderness (May 6, 1864). 

Since the Civil War, the department of state in the fed- 
eral government has been entrusted continuously to states- 



358 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

men of New York, Ex-governor Hamilton Fish having served 
at the head of Grant's cabinet from 1869 to 1877, and Wil- 
liam M. Eyarts, of the New York bar, holding the same 
position under President Hayes. In recent presidential 
contests, the democrats have thrice selected their standard- 
bearers from the Empire State; Governor Seymour was 
Grant's competitor in 1868 — Horace Greeley, of the iVi Tl 
Tribune, in 1872 — while Governor Tilden ran against Hayes 
in the exciting struggle of 1876. 

Recent Provisions. — By recent amendments to the Con- 
stitution, the judiciary has been reorganized (1869) ; the 
property qualification of colored voters has been removed, 
and additional safeguards against official corruption have 
been adopted (1874) ; the term of the governor and lieu- 
tenant-governor has been extended from two to three years 
— the annual salary of the former being fixed at $10,000 
and the use of a furnished residence, that of the latter at 
$5,000 (1874). A bill providing for the compulsory educa- 
cation of children between the ages of eight and fourteen, 
either at school or at home, for at least fourteen weeks in 
each year, went into effect in 1875. 

A magnificent state capitol is now in course of erection 
at Albany, which will probably be completed by 1879, at a 
cost of nearly $10,000,000. 

Distinguished Inventors and Authors.— Of eminent jurists, 
scientists, artists, and literary men, whom the Empire State 
claims as her own, the name is legion. She takes special 
pride in her Fulton, who first practically utilized steam in 
navigation, and her Morse, who has made electricity the 
ready messenger of man. The continents converse together 
through her Field's magnetic cable, and her Hoe has made 
the printing-press one of the crowning triumphs of human 
ingenuity. Washington Irving, the patriarch of American 
literature, belongs to her; as do James Fenimore Cooper, 
the poets William Cullen Bryant, Fitz-Greene Halleck, Jo- 



AUTHORS AND EDUCATOKS. 



359 




seph Rodman Drake, Nathaniel P. Willis, George P. Morris, 
Alice and Phoebe Gary, and a multitude of lesser lights. 
Finally, we must not forget those great educators — Charles 
Anthon, identified with the cause of classical learning — 
Eliphalet Nott, for sixty-two years president of Union Col- 
lege — and Mrs. Emma H. Willard, founder of the Troy 
Female Seminary. 



360 



HISTORY OF NEW YOEK. 



UNITED STATES SENATOES FROM NEW YORK, 
i^., federalist; A. i^., anti-federalist ; JR., republican; Z>,, democrat; W., whig. 



17S9 

1791 
179(5 

1798 



ISOO 

1802 
1803 

1804 

1809 
1813 
1S15 
1820 
1821 



Philip Schuyler, F. 
Eufus King, F. 
Aaron Burr, A. F. 
John Lawrance, F. 
John S. Hobart, F. 
Wilham North, F. 
James Watson, F. 
Gouverneur Morris, F. 
John Armstrong, li. or Z>. 
De Witt Clinton, R. or D. 
Theodoras Bailey, li. or D. 
John Armstrong, R or D. 
John Smith. R. or D. 
Samuel L. Mitchill, R. or D. 
Obadiah German, R. or I). 
Paifus King. F. 
Nathan Sanford, D. 
Eufus King, F. 
Martin Van Buren, D. 



1825 Nathan Sanford, D. 
1829 Charles E. Dudley, D. 
1S31 William L. Marcy, D. 
1833 Silas Wrisht, Jr., D. 
" Nathaniel P. Talimadge, D. 

1844 Daniel 8. Dickinson, 1>. 
" Henry A. Foster, D. 

1845 John A. Dix. D. 

1849 William II. Seward, W. 

1851 Hamilton Fish, IF. 

1S57 Preston King, R. 

ISGl Ira Harris, R. 

1863 Edwin D. Morgan, R. 

1867 Eoscoe Conkhng, R. Present in- 
cumbent. 

1869 Eeuben E. Teuton, R. 

1S75 Francis Kernan, i>. Present inctim- 
hent. 



POPULATION OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK AND ITS SEVEN 
LARGEST CITIES. 



YEARS. 


N. Y. State. 


N. Y. City. 


Brooklyn. 


Bufifalo. 


Albany. 


Rochester. 


Troy. 


Syracuse. 


1790 


340,120 


33,131 


1,546 




8,506 








1800 


589,051 


60.489 


3.298 




5,349 








1810 


950.049 


96,373 


4,402 


1,508 


10,762 




3,895 




1820 


1,372.111 


123,706 


7,175 


2,095 


12.541 


1,502 


5,264 


1,814 


1830 


1,918,608 


202,589 


15.292 


8,653 


24,238 


9,207 


11.405 


6,929 


1840 


2,428,921 


312,710 


36,233 


18,213 


33.762 


20,191 


19,334 


11,013 


1850 


3,097,394 


515.547 


96,850 


42.261 


50,762 


36,403 


28,785 


22,271 


1860 


3,880,735 


805.658 


266,661 


81.129 


62,367 


48,204 


39,235 


28,119 


1870 


4,382,759 


942,292 


396,099 


117,714 


69,422 


62.386 


46,465 


43,051 


1875 


4,705,208 


1,041,886 


482,493 


134,557 


86,541 


81,722 


48,531 


48,255 



New York has 5,677 miles of railroad line ; 857 miles of canal; 11.571 public schools, 
with 1,067,200 scholars ; 222 incorporated academies, with 31,463 pupils ; 8 normal schools 
(besides those in N.Y. City), Avith 2,900 pupils ; a Normal College with over 1,500 students. 

Columbia College, N. Y., was founded in 1754; Union College, Schenectady, in 1795; 
Hamilton College, Clinton, in 1812; Hobart College, Geneva, in 1824; University of the 
City of N. Y., in 1831 ; Madison University, at Hamilton, University of Eochester, and 
St, John's College, Fordham, in 1846. Elmira Female College was incorporated in 1855 ; 
St. Lawrence University, Canton, in 1S56 ; Alfred University and Ingham University (for 
women), Leroy, in 1857; St. Stephen's College, Annandale, in 1860; Vassar College (for 
women), Poughkeepsie, and College of St. Francis Xavier, N. Y., in 1861; Manhattan 
College, in 1863 ; Cornell University, Ithaca, in 1865 ; College of the City of N. Y., in 1866 
(organized as the Free Academy in 1848) ; Eutgers Female College (formerly Eutgers In- 
stitute), in 1867; Syracuse University, and Wells College, Aurora, in 1870. The Cooper 
Institute, founded by Peter Cooper in the city of New York, was opened in 1859. 



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